![]() ![]() Like in Asteraceae, Labiatae, Dilleniaceae, Malvaceae, Helleborus foetidus and Paris polyphylla, the green persistent sepals provide assimilates for the developing seeds and fruits ( Endress, 1995 Herrera, 2005 Yu et al., 2013). However, in a few plant families, the protracted presence of petals or sepals whose actual functions are in pollen transfer are adaptive for new functions after pollination. However, not many experiments suggested regular pollination-induced changes in the petals and sepals that have exposed their role in post-pollination adaptation ( Primack, 2003). Our results suggest that multiple energy-associated pathways may play a pivotal regulatory role in post-pollination sepal longevity for developing the seed coat, and proposed an energy pathway model regulating sepal retention in spinach.įlowers are long-lived when they are not pollination, but display abscission of some parts of the flower, such as the sepals and petals shortly after the pollination ( Van Doorn, 1997). These results were also supported by qPCR validation. Gene expression changes in these pathways were not observed after fertilization at 12HAP, but started after fertilization at 48HAP, and significant changes in gene expression occurred at 96HAP when there is considerable sepal development. Co-expression networks confirmed the synergistically regulation interactions among these pathways. KEGG enrichment showed that the central carbon metabolic pathway was significantly activated after pollination and governed by pivotal energy-associated regulation pathways such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis, and pentose phosphate pathways. UNP vs 12HAP, UNP vs 48HAP, and UNP vs 96HAP). In total, over 6756 non-redundant DEGs were identified followed by pairwise comparisons (i.e. To investigate pollination-induced energy-associated pathway changes in sepal tissues after pollination, we utilized RNA-sequencing to identify transcripts that were differentially expressed between unpollinated (UNP) and pollinated flower sepals at 12, 48, and 96HAP. By contrast, how pollination alter the sepal cells bioenergetics to support energy requirement and anabolic biomass accumulation for development is less well understood. Cellular bioenergetics involved in cellular growth is at the foundation of all developmental activities. Pollination induces female flower longevity in spinach by accelerating sepal retention and development. Reproductive growth is a bioenergetic process with high energy consumption. 5Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.4Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.3College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China. ![]() 2College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.1Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.Xiaokai Ma 1 Mahpara Fatima 1,2 Jing Li 1,3 Ping Zhou 1 Madiha Zaynab 4 Ray Ming 5* ![]()
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